Writing a literature review in the pre or postal service-qualification, will be required to undertake a literature review, either as role of a course of written report, as a central pace in the research procedure. A literature review tin can be just a simple summary of the sources, just it usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such every bit learning how to ascertain topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval, developing the power to analyze and synthesize information as well as becoming adept at writing and reporting, often within a limited time scale. The aim of this article is to present a step-by-step arroyo to writing a literature review research newspaper to facilitate educatee and novice reviewers' agreement. A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area expanse, and sometimes information in a particular subject expanse inside a certain fourth dimension period. A literature review of a mature topic addresses the need for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and more diversified knowledge base of the topic equally it continues to develop. The 2d kind of literature review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and synthesis of the literature. Considering these topics are relatively new and have non withal undergone a comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more than likely to atomic number 82 to an initial or preliminary conceptualization of the topic similar a new model or framework. The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for developing policies and prove-based intendance, a pace in the enquiry process and as part of an academic assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literature review the task appears daunting. Frequently-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

Criteria used to systematic review
. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

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47

Writing a Literature Review Enquiry Paper:

A step- past- step approach

Abdullah Ramdhani1, Muhammad Ali Ramdhani 2, Abdusy Syakur Amin iii

1 Department of Public Assistants, Garut University

Jl. Cimanuk No. 285A, Garut-INDONESIA

aramdhani@fisip.uniga.ac.id.

2 Faculty of Science and Technology

Country Islamic University of Sunan Gunung Djati, Bandung

Jl. A. H. Nasution No. 105, Bandung- Indonesia

m_ali_ramdhani@uinsgd.ac.id

3 Department of Industrial Engineering and Direction, Pasundan University

Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 193, Bandung-Republic of indonesia

syakuramin@gmail.com

Abstruse – Writing a literature review in the pre or post-qualification, will bdue east

required to undertake a literature review, either as part of a course of study, as a

primal footstep in the enquiry process. A literature review can exist just a elementary summary

of the sources, but it normally has an organizational pattern and combines both

summary and synthesis. It demands a range of skills, such as learning how to

define topics for exploration, acquiring skills of literature searching and retrieval,

developing the power to clarify and synthesize data too every bit condign practiced at

writing and reporting, often within a limited time scale. The aim of this commodity is to

nowadays a stride- by- pace approach to writing a literature review research newspaper to

facilitate student and novice reviewers' understanding.

Central Westords – Literature review; Literature searching; Writing a review.

i Introduction

A literature review discusses published information in a detail subject area, and sometimes

information in a particular bailiwick area within a sure time menstruation. A literature review of a mature

topic addresses the demand for a critique of, and the potential reconceptualization of, the expanding and

more diversified knowledge base of operations of the topic as it continues to develop. The second kind of literature

review addresses new or emerging topics that would benefit from a holistic conceptualization and

synthesis of the literature. Because these topics are relatively new and accept non notwithstanding undergone a

comprehensive review of the literature, the review is more likely to lead to an initial or preliminary

conceptualization of the topic like a new model or framework.

The reasons for undertaking a literature review are numerous and include eliciting information for

developing policies and evidence-based care, a stride in the research process and as function of an academic

assessment. To many qualified students faced with undertaking a literatureast review the task appears

daunting. Frequently-asked questions range from where to start, how to select a subject, and how

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many articles to include, to what is involved in a review of the literature (Cronin, et. al., 2008). A

literature review can be just a simple summary of the sources, but it ordinarily has an organizational

pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. A summary is a epitomize of the of import

information of the source, just a synthesis is a re-organization, or a reshuffling, of that data. It

might give a new interpretation of quondam material or combine new with old interpretations. Or it might

trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates. And depending on the situation,

the literature review may evaluate the sources and advise the reader on the most pertinent or relevant

(writingcenter.unc.edu).

2 What is a Literature Review

A literature review is a surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources relevant to a particular

result, area of research, or theory, and past and then doing, providing a description, summary, and critical

evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are designed to provide an overview of sources you take

explored while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your readers how your research fits

into the larger field of study (libguides.usc.edu, due north.d.). A literature review is a clarification of theast

literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It gives an overview of what has been said, who the cardinal

writers are, what are the prevailing theories and hypotheses, what questions are existence asked, and what

methods and methodologies are appropriate and useful. Every bit such, it is non in itself primary research, only

rather information technology reports on other findings (Emerald Group Publishing, n.d.).

The primary reports used in the literature may be exact, but idue north the vast majority of cases reports are

written documents. The types of scholarship may exist empirical, theoretical, critical analytic, or

methodological in nature. 2nd a literature review seeks to depict, summarise, evaluate, analyze

and/ or integrate the content of primary reports (Cooper, 1988).

A literature review is an objective, thorough summary and disquisitional assay of the relevant available

inquiry and not-research literature on the topic being studied (Hart, 1998; Cronin, et al., 2008). Its

goal is to bring the reader up- to -date with electric current literature on a topic and form the ground for another

goal, such as the justification for future research in the area. A good literature review gathers

information almost a particular subject from many sources. It is well written and contains few if any

personal biases. It should contain a clear search and pick strategy (Carnwell and Daly, 2001;

Cronin, et al., 2008). Good structuring is essential to enhance the catamenia and readability of the review

(Colling, 2003).

Literature review is dissimilar from an bookish research paper. The main focus of an academic

research paper is to develop a new argument, and a inquiry newspaper will incorporate a literature review as

ane of its parts. In a inquiry newspaper, you lot use the literature as a foundation and as support for a new

insight that you contribute. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize

the arguments and ideas of others without adding new contributions.

The vast majority of literature reviews serve every bit a section of a primary research article that provides the

theoretical foundation for the principal study that is the subject of the article. In that capacity, Fink (2005)

describes multiple purposes for literature reviews. A literature review anchors the rest of a scholarly

article. It describes the content and quality of cognition already bachelor, and readily presents the

reader the significance of previous work (Okoli & Schabram, 2010). As an academic piece, the review

cannot just regurgitate the subject matter, only rather must contribute to the work in its dual

approach of synthesizing the available material and offer a scholarly critique of theory (Okoli &

Schabram, 2010).

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3 Systematic Literature Review

The purpose of a systematic literature review is to provide as complete a list equally possible of all the

published and unpublished studies relating to a particular subject area expanse. It is different with traditional

reviews that endeavor to summarize results of a number of studies, systematic reviews use explicit and

rigorous criteria to identify, critically evaluate and synthesize all the literature on a particular topic

(Cronin, et al, 2008). Chief purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive

groundwork for understanding current knowledge and highlighting the significance of new inquiry. Information technology

tin inspire inquiry ideas by identifying gaps or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge, thus helping

the researcher to determine or ascertain research questions or hypotheses.

Beecroft et. al. (2006) argue that a sufficiently focused research question is essential earlier

undertaking a literature review. Equally, nevertheless, information technology tin assist refine or focus a broad research question

and is useful for both topic selection and topic refinement. It can too be helpful in developing

conceptual or theoretical frameworks (Coughlan, et al, 2007; Cronnin, et al, 2008).

Parahoo (2006) suggests that a systematic review should detail the time frameastward within which the

literature was selected, as well as the methods used to evaluate and synthesize findings of the studies

in question. In order for the reader to assess the reliability and validity of the review (run into effigy 1), the

reviewer needs to present the precise criteria used to: (a) Codify the research question; (b) Set

inclusion or exclusion criteria; (c) Select and access thursdayeastward literature; (d) Asses the quality of the literature

include in the review; (e) Analyse, synthesize and disseminate the findings.

Fig.1: Criteria used to systematic review

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4 Steps in the Literature Review Procedure

Given the particular processes involved in systematic reviews, meta-assay and meta-synthesis, the

focus of the balance of this commodity is on the steps involved in undertaking a traditional or narrative

review of the literature. Cronin et. al. (2008) fence that the first pace involves identifying the subject area of

the literature review. The researcher undertaking a quantitative study may have decided this already.

However, for the private undertaking a non -research based literature review this will exist the first

footstep.

four.ane Choosing a review topic

The first task to tackle, often the most difficult, in writing a review of literature is choosing a topic

(Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin, et al, 2008). Frequently the chore is especially difficult because of a

lack of knowledge in the content expanse. Below are some hints for facilitating your selection of a topic.

First, skim through your textbook and identify broad topics in the subject area that interest yous. Second,

read the chapters associated with the topics you option to develop familiarity with the vocabulary (key

words), master investigators, and issues or controversies in the area. Third, talking to others, such equally

proficient, or reading around a topic can also assistance to identify what areas of the subject field the reviewer is

interested in and may help indicate how much information exists on the topic (Timmins and McCabe,

2005). The adjacent step, after choosing a topic, is to go to the library and search for journal articles

published idue north the area. Utilize key words to find article titles for specific topics; sometimes abstracts are

provided for the reader's reference. Abstracts can exist useful, time saving devices because they aid in

weeding skillful, associated literature from unrelated, peripheral manufactures.

Cronin (2008) explained that having sufficient literature is also important, particularly when the

review is an academic consignment. These academic exercises unremarkably have short deadlines, and then having

plenty literature is key from the perspective of being able to do the review and submit it on time.

Literature reviews that are part of bookish coursework usually have strictly enforced word limits and

it is important to attach to that limit. Heightics that are also broad will result in reviews that are either too

long or too superficial. Every bit a rule of pollex, it is better to get-go with a narrow and focused topic, and if

necessary broaden the scope of the review as you lot progress. Information technology is much more difficult to cutting content

successfully, peculiarly if fourth dimension is short.

4.2 Searching and selecting appropriate articles

The adjacent step after selected a topic is to place, in a structured way, the advisable and related

data. A systematic approach is considered nearly likely to generate a review that will exist

benign in informing practise (Hek and Langton, 2000; Cronin et al, 2008). Newell and Burnard

(2006) advise that comprehensiveness and relevance are what reviewers need to consider and add that

the more than specific the topic or question being searched is, the more than focused the result will exist (Cronin et

al, 2008).

The type of manufactures that are selected for a good review of literature are theoretical presentations,

review manufactures, and empirical research articles. Choosing the work of a single researcher may be one

method for starting a literature review. Your presentation volition be more powerful if conflicting

theoretical positions and findings are presented along with the position or prediction that yous back up

in your paper. You should choose several researchers' works that take added to the knowledge base of operations in

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a specific area. Strive to eliminate (or explicate away) articles that have faulty methods or that utilise faulty

reasoning to support their findings.

Nowadays, literature searches are undertaken nearly usually using computers and electronic

databases. Calculator databases offering access to vast quantities of information, which tin can be retrieved

more than easily and speedily than using a manual search (Younger, 2004). There are numerous electronic

databases, many of which bargain with specific fields of data. It is important therefore to identify

which databases are relevant to the topic (Cronin et al, 2008). Existing literature reviews and

systematic reviews tin likewise be important sources of data. They tin offering a good overview of the

research that has been undertaken, so that the relevance to the nowadays work tin exist determined (Cronin

et al, 2008).

Cronin et. al. (2008) contend when undertaking a literature search an of import question in determining

whether a publication should be included in your review is defining the blazon of source. The four main

types of sources are outlined in Table ane. In conducting the literature search it is important to keep a

record of the keywords and methods used in searching the literature equally these will need to be identified

later when describing how the search was conducted (Timmins and McCabe, 2005).

Table i. Defining the types of sources for a review

Usually a study past the original researchers of a study

Clarification or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher, e.g. a review article

Papers concerned with description or analysis of theories or

concepts associated with the topic

Views or opinions most the discipline that are not inquiry, review or

theoretical in nature

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

It is ever more desirable to use primary sources whenever possible. Primary sources in science are

usually in the form of articles published in reputable journals. Generally, journals are regarded every bit

being more than up- to- appointment than books as sources of information (Cronin, et al, 2008). Secondary sources

include textbooks and review manufactures or Description or summary by somebody other than the original

researcher. Like your literature review, secondary sources exercise non contain new data. A expect at

secondary sources is frequently a proficient move when starting a literature review, just you never rely solely on

secondary sources and always review the primary sources every bit a check against possible errors.

4.3 Analysing and synthesizing the literature

After y'all take collected the articles you lot intend to use in your literature review, you are ready to

analyze each i (break it down and identify the important data in it) and then synthesize the

drove of articles (integrate them and place the conclusions that can be drawn from the articles every bit

a group).

Initially, it is advisable to undertake a beginning read of the articles that accept been collected to get a sense of

what they are near. Almost published articles contain a summary or abstract at the beginning of the

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paper, which will aid with this process and enable the determination as to whether it is worthy of farther

reading or inclusion. At this signal, it may also exist of benefit to undertake an initial classification and

grouping of the articles past blazon of source (Cronin, et al, 2008).

There are a number of tools that can assistance us clarify and synthesize our key sources. Table two show

about using a synthesis matrix to organize the sources in your literature review and integrate them into

a unique estimation that non but serves as the foundation of your study but as well contributes to the

dialogue in your field and establishes your credibility as a scholar. There are limitless ways of

structuring a matrix (Sally, 2013).

For example is a synthesis matrix organized by the primal studies on your specific topic. Place six to

twelve studies that are closely related to the focus of your study and that yous will utilize as the foundation

for your proposed research. In the showtime cavalcade along the vertical axis of the table, listing the author and

date of publication for each study (Sally, 2013). And then create columns to place the purpose or

enquiry questions the authors posed, the method used in the study, characteristics of the sample, the

major findings of the study, the main ideas or themes distilled from the findings, how the findings

ostend those of other studies (similarities), and how the findings differ from other studies or offer

data not constitute in other sources.

Table ii. A synthesis matrix organized by the key studies

Sources, (Sally, 2013).

Some other tools for analyze and synthesize is undertake an initial courseification and grouping of the

articles past blazon of source. Once the initial overview has been completed it is necessary to return to the

articles to undertake a more systematic and critical review of the content. It is recommended that some

type of structure is adopted during this process such equally that proposed by Cohen (1990). This simple

method is referred to as the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) system and it non only keeps

you focussed and consistent simply ultimately facilitates easy identification and retrieval of material

particularly if a large number of publications are beingness reviewed (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Post-obit the preview stage, a reviewer may finish up with four stacks of articles that are accounted

relevant to the purpose of the review (Cronin, et al, 2008). In the question stage, questions are asked

of each publication. Here several writers take suggested using an indexing or summary organization (or a

combination of both) to help the process (Timmins and McCabe, 2005; Cronin et al, 2008).

Although there are slight variations in the criteria proposed in the indexing and summary systems,

generally they are concerned with the title of the article, the author, the purpose and the method

applied in a enquiry written report, and findings and outcomes. It is besides useful to comprise comments or

central thoughts on your response to the article after information technology has been reviewed. For the purpose of practiced tape

keeping, it is suggested that the source and full reference are also included. It can exist very frustrating

trying to locate a reference or a key point among a plethora of articles at a after phase (Cronin, et al,

2008).

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Equally it is likely that not all of the articles will be primary sources, you may wish to accommodate your summary

organization to accommodate other sources, such as systematic reviews or non-research literature. Possible

headings, adjusted from appraisement tools for diverse types of literature are outlined in Table 3. Although

information technology may be laborious at times, each article should be read while trying to reply the questions . It is

worth noting, however, that if any aspect of the appraisal is not clear, it may exist beneficial to access

more detailed tools or checklists that facilitate further assay or critique (Cronin, et al, 2008).

Table 3. Summary of information required in review

Secondary sources

-review

Periodical (full reference):

Periodical (full reference):

Journal (full reference):

Review questions/ purpose:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, due east.m.

strengths/ weakness:

Key thoughts/ comments, e.g.

strengths/ weakness:

Source: Cronin et. al. (2008) p. 41

The final stage of appraisal is to write a curt summary of each article and may include central thoughts,

comments, strengths and weaknesses of the publication. It should be written in your own words to

facilitate your agreement of the material. Information technology as well forms a good ground for the writing of the review

(Cronin, et al, 2008).

4.iv Organization of writing the review

The main aim in structuring your review of the literature is to lead your reader to sympathize the demand

to carry precisely the form of literature review or enquiry paper that you propose or have done. The

key to a good literature review or research paper is the ability to nowadays the findings in such a mode that

it demonstrates your cognition in a clear and consistent way (Cronin, et al, 2008).

The introduction and determination to your review of the literature should testify how your research

project volition join the on-going chat: identify the key terms and concepts and indicate how your

enquiry will resolve unresolved questions in others' work. You can also outline the structure of the

review itself — by preview in the introduction, or review in the conclusion — and you lot can and so

foreshadow the direction of the next section/ chapter.

4.4.1 Introduction

Cronin, et al (2008) debate that the introduction should include the purpose of the review and a brief

overview of the 'trouble'. Information technology idue south of import that the literature sources and the central search terms are

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outlined. The introduction will not but present the main topic, but will also make a argument about

the status of knowledge in this surface area of research.

Some areas of business in preparing the introduction is (a) Define or identify the general topic or surface area

of business to provide a context for reviewing the literature; (b) Point out overall trends, conflicts in

theory, methodology, testify and conclusions, or gaps in resecurvation and scholarship, to identify a

particular problem; (c) Establish your purpose for reviewing the literature or betoken of view; explain the

criteria used to select and evaluate the literature; explain what it included or excluded (telescopic); and

forecast the organization or sequence of the review.

4.4.ii Main body

The main body of the written report presents and discusses the findings from the literature. There are several

ways in which this can exist washed (Cronin et al, 2008; Carnwell & Daly, 2001). Regardless of the fashion

in which the principal torso of the review is framed, in that location are fundamental points that must exist considered. First,

Group research studies and other literature according to mutual denominators such as qualitative or

quantitative approaches, purposes, theories, methodologies, or conclusions. Second, summarize

individual studies in detail advisable to its comparative importance in the literature and to its

relevance for your research. Third, U.s.e figures and/ or tables to nowadays your own synthesis of the

original information or to evidence cardinal information taken directly from the original papers.

In order for your reader to move through your information with ease while keeping the big picture in

view, order your body paragraphs in the same style that you did in the statement about how your

literature review will proceed. Club the abstractions (primary ideas) from general to specific, deciding

which sources have contributions to make to which concepts. Y'all will then present more specific

information from the sources, using in-text commendation, to talk over the abstractions in more detail and to

signal out areas of agreement or debate among sources. Your body paragraphs should work to not merely

summarize what sources have said, only to demonstrate relationships between them.

iv.4.iii Conclusion

The conclusion should provide a summary of findings from the literature review. Explain what your

analysis of the material leads you to conclude almost the overall state of the literature, what information technology provides

and where it is lacking. Cronin et al (2008) mention that the review should conclude with a concise

summary of the findings that describes electric current knowledge and offer a rationale for conducting futurity

inquiry. In a review, which forms part of a study, any gaps in noesis that accept been identified

should lead logically to the purpose of the proposed study. In some cases, it may as well be possible to

utilize the developed themes to construct a conceptual framework that will inform the study. In all

reviews, some recommendations or implications for practice, education and research should be

included.

4.4.4 References

The literature review should conclude with a full bibliographical listing of all the books, journal articles,

reports and other media, which were referred to in the work. Regardless of whether the review is part

of a form of study or for publication, it is an essential function of the process that all sourced material is

best-selling. This means that every citation in the text must appear in the reference. Omissions or

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errors in referencing are very mutual and students often lose vital marks in assignment because of it.

A useful strategy is to create a split file for references and each time a publication is cited, it can be

added to this listing immediately (Cronin et al, 2008).

5 Decision

This article has presented a detailed guide to developing a systematic literature review This guide

presents a step-past - step approach to conveying out the rigorous, scientific methodology of a systematic

literature review. While written mostly enough to be applicable to a wide range of fields,

esspecially specific to social sciences and management.

Whether the approach is qualitative or quantitative will often dictate when and how it is carried out.

Various types of literature reviews may be used depending on the reasons for conveying out the review

and the overall aims and objectives of the research. Writing a review of the literature is a skill that

needs to be learned. Past conducting them, student or researchers tin can be involved in increasing the

knowledge through evidence-based practise.

References

Bocken, N. M. P., Curt, S. W., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2014). A Literature and Practise Review to

Develop Sustainable Concern Model Archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Product, 65: 42-56.

Carnwell, R., & Daly, W. (2001) Strategies for the Construction of a Disquisitional Review of the Literature.

Nurse Educ Pract 1: 57-63

Colling, J (2003). Demystifying The Clinical Nursing Research Process: The Literature Review. Urol

Nurs 23 (4): 297–nine.

Cooper, H. One thousand. (1988). The Structure of Noesis Synthesis. Knowledge in Society, 1: 104- 126.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2008). Undertaking a literature review: a step-by - step

arroyo. British Periodical of Nursing, 17(1): 38 -43.

Emerald Group Publishing (due north.d.) How to Write a Literature Review. Retrived from

http://world wide web.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/authors/guides/write/literature.htm.

Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing literature reviews. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.

Hall, T., Beecham, S., Bowes, D., Gray, D., & Counsell, S. (northward.d.). A Systematic Literature Review on

Fault Prediction Performance in Software Engineering.

Hart, C. (1998). Doing a Literature Review. London: Sage Publications.

Lawrence, C. North. (2011). Writing a Literature Review in the Social Sciences. Retrived from

www.academic.edu.

Okoli, C., & Schabram, Thou. (2010). A Guide to Conducting a Systematic Literature Review of

Information Systems Enquiry. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Southwardystems, 10(26).

Sally. (2013). A Synthesis Matrix as a Tool for Analyzing and Synthesizing Prior Enquiry. Retrived

from http:// www.academiccoachingandwriting.org/dissertation-doctor/dissertation-doctor- weblog

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San Jose Country University (n.d.) Guidelines for Writing a Review of Literature Retrieved from

http://world wide web.sjsu.edu/faculty/christen/review_guidelines.html\.

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (n.d.) The Writing Center, Literature Review.

Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Literature-Reviews-The- Writing-

Eye.pdf.

Timmins, F., & McCabe, C. (2005). How to conduct an effective literature review. Nurs Stand, 20

(eleven): 41–7.

USC Libraries. (north.d.) Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. Retrieved from

http://libguides.usc.edu/writringguide/literaturereview.

Younger, P. (2004). Using the internet to conduct a literature search. Nurs Stand 19 (6): 45-51

... Para Ramdhani et al. (2014, citado por Rodríguez, 2020, los gestores bibliográficos permiten la revisión de fuentes fiables y de interés que ayudan a dilucidar "el panorama de investigación mediante una visión general de fuentes exploradas, lo cual afianza el trabajo científico o académico eastward indica a los lectores como el proyecto de investigación se ajusta a un campo general de estudio más amplio". En consecuencia, se puede decir que en cierta medida existe una acción recíproca entre el investigador y la fuente bibliográfica y que puede terminar en un intercambio de papeles; es decir, que no siempre el actor desde su accionar cuestiona el contenido, sino que el contenido puede cuestionar la perspectiva de pensamiento del investigador en cualquier escenario social, tecnológico o educativo. ...

Este es un estudio de caso con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo, sobre cómo los estudiantes perciben el uso del gestor bibliográfico colaborativo digital. El estudio ayuda a reconocer la relevancia de utilizar dicho gestor para cualificar la investigación y la producción académica, desde proyectos que desarrollan estudiantes de la maestría en Tecnologías Digitales Aplicadas a la Educación. Participaron 103 estudiantes de los módulos: Caracterización de la investigación aplicada y Propuesta de investigación aplicada. Los resultados dejan ver que los tesistas valoran positivamente el gestor como dispositivo tecnológico clave para la gestión de la información y del conocimiento; a su vez, permiten inferir que esta herramienta informática en mención facilita la búsqueda, clasificación y análisis de registros bibliográficos, traduciéndose en adecuadas toma de decisiones y mejora en el desempeño tanto académico como de investigación.

... Enquiry method is done through literature review. Ramdhani et al. defined literature review equally an deed to discuss existing literature works in which the literature works discusses a certain field of study too information technology may talk over information technology in a certain time (Ramdhani et al., 2014). Therefore this research article volition answer the issue presented in the previous section through literature reviews. ...

  • Axel Victor Christian

States takes mensurate during Covid-19 Pandemic. Those measures are not unified nether the same standard thus limiting mobility. With the vaccine then available the measures and standards states have becomes more complicated and not unified. There needs to be a unified measure which is a unified social control through international law past analysing whether social control is permissible nether international law. A unified social control for measures that effect the mobility will unify standards. It is permissible considering the states behaviour under the current Covid-xix Pandemic. Unified control through international should be done in a treaty or convention. Diplomacy for the success of the treaty and so should exist washed through track 2 model of diplomacy which will provide freedom to u.s. in raising their wills and concern on the corresponding treaty.

... Desain penelitian dengan literature review dimana peneliti harus melakukan pencarian literature secara mendalam, item, dan teliti. Tujuan literature review memberikan gambaran mengenai penelitian sebelumnya untuk di kolaborasikan dengan gambaran peneliti atau pengarang saat ini sebagai pandangan baru dalam sebuah penelitian (Ramdhani, Ramdhani and Amin, 2014 seharihari pasien seperti akses pasien untuk ke pelayanan terdekat atau ke rumah sakit, memfasilitasi apabila pasien sedang mengalami kekambuhan seperti pasien mengalami amuk keluarga dapat memberikan bantal agar pasien dapat melampiaskan amarahnya tanpa melukai dirinya sendiri, memfasilitasi alat makan dan mandi pasien dimana alat yang digunakan tidak membahayakan pasien, serta memfasilitasi Ketika pasien ingin istirahat seperti ventilasi kamar pasien yang sejuk dan nyaman, tidak terdapat gorden, dsb. grand. ...

  • Firda Nur Rahma Santi
  • Heryanto Adi Nugroho
  • Edy Soesanto Edy Soesanto
  • Eni Hidayati

Halusinasi merupakan persepsi dimana individu tidak mampu membedakan antara persepsi nyata dengan tidak nyata, menyebabkan individu akan kehilangan kontrol akan dirinya. Keluarga memiliki pengaruh dalam kesembuhan atau kekambuhan pasien apabila keluarga belum memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai perawatan halusinasi dan dukungannya pada pasien saat mengontrol halusinasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan pengetahuan keluarga tentang perawatan halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi. Metode yang digunakan yaitu menyeleksi artikel dari berbagai sumber dengan menggunakan Teknik PICO lalu di sesuaikan dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi yang telah di tentukan yaitu artikel terpublikasi maksimal 5 tahun (2016 – 2021), artikel full teks, menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa inggris, tema artikel pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat halusinasi dan dukungan keluarga terhadap kemampuan mengontrol halusinasi. Berdasarkan analisis artikel disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pasien mengontrol halusinasi di pengeruhi oleh pengetahuan keluarga tentang merawat anggota keluarganya yang mengalami halusinasi dan adanya pemberian dukungan keluarga yang baik untuk pasien. Saran : keluarga secara mandiri merawat pasien dengan halusinasi, di rekomendasikan masuk dalam intervensi asuhan keperawatan.

... The articles were collected, classified, and reviewed to identify of import information that can be farther used by various stakeholders of the domain of involvement. In this context, a brief reading of the literature needs to be carried out, giving more attention to abstracts of articles as they provide summaries from which readers tin decide its relevance to the domain under investigation [17]. For instance, DiMatteo developed a quantitative review of fifty years of medical research on patient adherence to treatment. ...

Over the past few years, numerous studies and inquiry articles have been published in the medical literature review domain. The topics covered by these researches included medical information retrieval, affliction statistics, drug analysis, and many other fields and application domains. In this paper, we utilize diverse text mining and data analysis techniques in an effort to discover trending topics and topic concordance in the healthcare literature and information mining field. This analysis focuses on healthcare literature and bibliometric data and word association rules practical to 1945 research articles that had been published between the years 2006 and 2019. Our aim in this context is to aid saving time and effort required for manually summarizing big-scale amounts of data in such a broad and multidisciplinary domain. To carry out this task, we employ topic modeling techniques through the utilization of Latent Dirichlet Resource allotment (LDA), in add-on to diverse certificate and give-and-take embedding and clustering approaches. Findings reveal that since 2010 the interest in the healthcare big data analysis has increased significantly, as demonstrated by the five most commonly used topics in this domain.

  • Made Ayu Anggreni
  • Syarif Sumantri
  • Nurbiana dhieni Djalil Nurbiana dhieni Djalil
  • Karnadi Karnadi

Faktor globalisasi menjadi salah satu faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kondisi internal Indonesia. Sekarang banyak budaya atau kebiasaan dan kepercayaan dari luar yang masuk ke Indonesia tanpa melalui penyaringan padahal seharusnya masyarakat dapat memilih mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Pendidikan yang berkualitas dapat menjadi benteng bagi anak-anak dari hal-hal negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kompetensi guru dalam praktik penerapan budaya pada Lembaga PAUD di Republic of indonesia. Metode penelitian dengan literature review dan menggunakan PRISMA Checklis dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Mei 2021 dan jurnal twenty tahun terakhir, sumber data sekunder artikel jurnal bereputasi baik nasional maupun internasional pada lima database dengan kriteria kualitas tinggi dan sedang, yaitu Scopus, Tandfonline, Research Gate, SagePub dan Schoolar dengan tema kompetensi guru dan tenaga pendidik terlibat menjadi pembelajar dari berbagai komunitas budaya di mana siswa mereka berasal, berkembang sebagai pendidik yang kompeten secara budaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru anak usia dini harus berkomitmen untuk mengembangkan pendidikan usia dini yang dapat terlibat dalam pedagogi yang adil dalam praktik pengajaran multikultural. Kualitas suatu pendidikan ditentukan dari berhasil tidaknya guru dalam menyampaikan materi.

  • Budi Darmo Budi Darmo

Ketergantungan untuk mendapatkan efek atau status dalam masyarakat, membuat seseorang menjadi fetish terhadap produk yang dikonsumsinya. Dalam fetisisme komoditas, iklan sangat berperan dalam menentukan nilai dan makna sebuah produk. Makna palsu yang ditanamkan ke dalam produk membuat seakan-akan kenikmatan nyata-lah yag dikonsumsi dari produk yang digunakan. Dalam Iklan AXE Parfum Saku versi Dijemput Si Cantik terdapat banyak jenis fetisisme komoditas dimana maknamakna saling tumpang tindih menyuarakan kebenarannya. Namun, makna tersebut menjadi penting untuk seseorang atau malah merusak kesadarannya, sehingga melazimkan pemujaan pada komoditi. Pada akhirnya masyarakat harus lebih kritis dalam melihat dan memilih produk yang dikonsumsinya. Kata kunci: fetisisme komoditas, iklan, makna

  • Edy Chandra Edy Chandra

Tren terhadap pemeliharaan terhadap tanaman dalam/luar rumah, yaitu jenis sukulen dan kaktus mulai menjadi sebuah aktivitas baru semasa pandemic covid-19, yang mewajibkan setiap masyarakat global ataupun regional untuk lebih banyak beraktivitas di rumah. Upaya aktivitas ini telah menjadi peluang para wirausahawan ( entrepreneur) pemula untuk memulai jenis usaha dibidang ini, termasuk salah-satunya adalah produk media tanam (pasir malang, sekam, pumice, dll). Pengembangan pada seorang wirausaha muda yang menjual produk media tanam adalah pengembangan pada penciptaan identitas visual pada brand produk media tanam dan juuga aplikasi pada media stiker untuk mendukung identitas kemasan di mata konsumen. Proses pengembangan identias melibatkan proyek perancangan visual brand produk secara sederhana yang disampaikan oleh desainer kepada kliennya. Prosesnya melibatkan brainstorming seputar ide-ide visual media tanam dengan sukulen dan kaktus.

  • George Kaliampos George Kaliampos

The last three decades two singled-out trends have emerged within Early Childhood Education, namely Early on Childhood Science Educational activity and Early Childhood Special Instruction. The current paper tries to movement along these areas and illuminate the mutual footing that prevarication betwixt them. In particular, drawing from the formulated empiricist, Piagetian and socio-cognitive trends inside Early Childhood Science Instruction, it tries to explore to what extend they could expand in special needs context. In addition, it proposes diverse, specific strategies that emerge from the above-mentioned trends and could be implemented in teaching science within special needs settings. By so doing, the present paper aspires to set the frame of a newly born and well-promising trend, that of Early Babyhood Special Science Education.

  • Zayyan Velda Send
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual basis is a milestone in the reform of regime financial reporting. State financial management policies in the new authorities era too provided new insights for the development of government bookkeeping research. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting research in two reputable national journals indexed past SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 flow. Commodity observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 manufactures show that accountability and spending are the almost popular topics to exist discussed. Mixed inquiry methods are notwithstanding very express to use in these regime bookkeeping studies. This written report contributes to the direction of government accounting research in the future past providing signals of several interesting inquiry areas to be explored farther. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan ground akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

  • Zayyan Velda Ship
  • Puji Wibowo Puji Wibowo

The adoption of the accrual ground is a milestone in the reform of government fiscal reporting. State financial direction policies in the new government era likewise provided new insights for the development of government accounting inquiry. This report aims to provide an overview of the development of government accounting inquiry in 2 reputable national journals indexed by SINTA 2 during the 2015-2019 catamenia. Article observations are carried out using the chartered fields method. The results of a study of 43 articles evidence that accountability and spending are the almost popular topics to exist discussed. Mixed research methods are yet very limited to use in these government accounting studies. This study contributes to the direction of government accounting research in the time to come by providing signals of several interesting research areas to be explored further. ABSTRAKSI Penerapan basis akrual merupakan tonggak bersejarah dalam reformasi pelaporan keuangan pemerintah. Kebijakan pengelolaan keuangan negara pada era pemerintahan baru turut memberikan warna bagi perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan ulasan mengenai perkembangan riset akuntansi pemerintah pada dua jurnal nasional terakreditasi yang terindeks SINTA 2 selama periode 2015-2019. Pengamatan artikel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode chartered the fields. Hasil studi terhadap 43 artikel menunjukkan bahwa akuntabilitas dan belanja merupakan topik yang paling populer dibicarakan. Metode riset campuran masih sangat jarang digunakan dalam studi akuntansi pemerintahan tersebut. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi berupa arah riset akuntansi pemerintahan di masa mendatang dengan memberikan sinyal beberapa area penelitian yang cukup menarik untuk didalami lebih lanjut. Kata Kunci: Akrual, akuntansi pemerintah, keuangan negara

Eco-innovations, eco-efficiency and corporate social responsibility practices define much of the current industrial sustainability agenda. While important, they are insufficient in themselves to evangelize the holistic changes necessary to reach long-term social and environmental sustainability. How tin we encourage corporate innovation that significantly changes the manner companies operate to ensure greater sustainability? Sustainable business models (SBM) incorporate a triple bottom line approach and consider a wide range of stakeholder interests, including environment and lodge. They are important in driving and implementing corporate innovation for sustainability, tin can help embed sustainability into business concern purpose and processes, and serve every bit a fundamental driver of competitive advantage. Many innovative approaches may contribute to delivering sustainability through business models, but have not been collated under a unifying theme of business model innovation. The literature and business organisation practice review has identified a wide range of examples of mechanisms and solutions that can contribute to concern model innovation for sustainability. The examples were collated and analysed to identify defining patterns and attributes that might facilitate categorisation. Sustainable business model archetypes are introduced to describe groupings of mechanisms and solutions that may contribute to building up the business model for sustainability. The aim of these archetypes is to develop a common linguistic communication that can be used to advance the development of sustainable business organization models in research and exercise. The archetypes are: Maximise material and free energy efficiency; Create value from 'waste'; Substitute with renewables and natural processes; Deliver functionality rather than ownership; Adopt a stewardship function; Encourage sufficiency; Re-purpose the business for society/surround; and Develop scale-upwardly solutions.

  • Chitu Okoli Chitu Okoli
  • Kira Schabram

This working newspaper has been thoroughly revised and superseded past two distinct articles. The first is a revised and peer-reviewed version of the original article: Okoli, Chitu (2015), A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review. Communications of the Association for Information Systems (37:43), November 2015, pp. 879-910. This commodity presents a methodology for conducting a systematic literature review with many examples from IS research and references to guides with further helpful details. The commodity is available from Google Scholar or from the author's website. The second extension article focuses on developing theory with literature reviews: Okoli, Chitu (2015), The View from Giants' Shoulders: Developing Theory with Theory-Mining Systematic Literature Reviews. SSRN Working Paper Series, December 8, 2015. This article identifies theory-mining reviews, which are literature reviews that extract and synthesize theoretical concepts from the source primary studies. The article demonstrates by commendation assay that, in data systems research, this kind of literature review is more than highly cited than other kinds of literature review. The article provides detailed guidelines to writing a high-quality theory-mining review.

Groundwork: The accurate prediction of where faults are likely to occur in code can assist direct test endeavour, reduce costs and amend the quality of software. Objective: We investigate how the context of models, the contained variables used and the modelling techniques applied, influence the performance of fault prediction models. Method:We used a systematic literature review to place 208 fault prediction studies published from Jan 2000 to Dec 2010. Nosotros synthesise the quantitative and qualitative results of 36 studies which report sufficient contextual and methodological information according to the criteria we develop and use. Results: The models that perform well tend to exist based on simple modelling techniques such as Na??ve Bayes or Logistic Regression. Combinations of independent variables have been used by models that perform well. Feature pick has been applied to these combinations when models are performing specially well. Conclusion: The methodology used to build models seems to exist influential to predictive performance. Although there are a set of fault prediction studies in which conviction is possible, more studies are needed that use a reliable methodology and which report their context, methodology and operation comprehensively.

  • Ros Carnwell
  • William Daly William Daly

This paper describes the procedure by which a literature review is conducted. It begins by identifying the purpose of a literature review, and then explores how key words can exist used to define the scope of the review, how the review can be organized into t hemes and how conclusions can be drawn from the literature to inform farther studies. Examples from nursing and health care are provided to illustrate the processes described.

  • Joyce Colling

The literature review is a disquisitional footstep in designing and conducting a credible study. Information technology might seem irksome at first, but your own ideas will become better adult and thoughtful every bit yous critique what other researchers take done. Information technology will brand your study stronger. Thus, don't skim over this role of the process. A practiced literature review will make the side by side steps easier. It volition too clinch that you lot are studying an important surface area, that the outcome has clinical importance to your patients, and that writing and reporting the results will be easier.